Methods for detection and treatment of neural cancers

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a method for inhibiting proliferation of neural cells. The neural cells can be tumor cells, glial cells, neuronal cells, and cells of the central or peripheral nervous systems. The method comprises contacting a neural cell with a molecule that disrupts the biological activity of a granulin molecule. In one embodiment, the molecule is an antibody directed against a granulin peptide. In other embodiments, the molecule is an antisense nucleotide directed against a granulin nucleic acid molecule, or a vaccine comprising a granulin peptide or a polynucleotide encoding a granulin peptide. The invention additionally provides methods for detecting and treating cancer in a neural tissue using granulin-related molecules. Also provided is a method for indenting differentially expressed gene products that are translated from mRNA species, using antibody-based screening of a cDNA expression library. This method, termed differential immuno-absorption (DIA), can be coupled to cDNA microarray hybridization and used in the identification of genes that play a role in the malignant progression of cancer.

[0001] This application claims benefit of United States provisionalapplication 60/185,321, filed Feb. 28, 2000, the entire contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference. Throughout this applicationvarious publications are referenced. The disclosures of thesepublications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by referenceinto this application in order to describe more fully the state of theart to which this invention pertains. Some of these references areindicated by numbers in parentheses. Citations corresponding to thesereference numbers can be found at the end of the specification.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to detection and therapyof cancer of the nervous system. The invention is more specificallyrelated to granulin and granulin-related molecules as therapeutic anddiagnostic targets. Granulin antibodies and antisense nucleotides can beused in vaccines and pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment ofcancers of the central nervous system, as well as in methods ofdetecting and assessing the malignancy of such cancers. The inventionfurther provides methods for identifying molecules useful in thetreatment and detection of neural cancers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Cancer and infectious disease are significant health problemsthroughout the world. Although advances have been made in detection andtherapy of these diseases, no vaccine or other universally successfulmethod for prevention or treatment is currently available. Currenttherapies, which are generally based on a combination of chemotherapy orsurgery and radiation, continue to prove inadequate in many patients.

[0004] Cancer is the result of cumulative multiple genetic mutations,which result in the activation of oncogenes and/or the inactivation oftumor suppressor genes. It is the differential expression of thesecritical genes and their downstream effectors that enables cells tooverride growth controls and undergo carcinogenesis (1, 2). Thepathological changes that arise in cancer, whether caused by a singlegene mutation or multiple genetic alterations, are essentially driven bychanges in gene expression (1, 2). In the malignant progression ofastrocytic cancers, it has been shown that accumulation of multiplegenetic lesions underlies the neoplastic process. These lesions includemutations of the genes p⁵³, p16, RB, and PTEN, as well as amplificationof CDK4 and EGFR (3, 4). Although these known genetic abnormalities havebeen well-documented in the formation of the most malignant brain tumor,glioblastoma, recent insight into the extent of gene expressiondifferences underlying malignancy reveals that hundreds of genetranscripts may be expressed at significantly different levels betweennormal and neoplastic cells (5). Therefore, there is considerable roomfor the identification of novel genes that are differentially expressedin brain tumor cells to further our understanding of the complexmolecular basis of these neurological cancers. Furthermore, thisendeavor has direct clinical relevance if combined with the developmentof innovative rational therapies that specifically target thesedifferentially expressed gene products.

[0005] A variety of methods are currently employed to isolate genesassociated with particular differential phenotypes. Subtractivehybridization (6), differential display (DD) (7-10), representationaldifference analysis (RDA) (11-14), serial analysis of gene expression(SAGE) (5, 15), and suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) (16, 17)all allow for the cloning and identification of differentially expressedsequences. While all these techniques identify tissue-enriched mRNAs,none select for tissue-specific proteins. There remains a need for adifferential screening technique that provides actual confirmation ofthe presence of a protein product, not just the capacity to synthesize aprotein. In addition, there is a need for proteins with antigenicdeterminants that may be recognized by the immune system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The invention meets these needs by providing methods for thetreatment and detection of cancers of the nervous system. In oneembodiment, the invention provides a method for inhibiting proliferationof neural cells. The neural cells can be tumor cells, glial cells,neuronal cells, and cells of the central or peripheral nervous systems.Examples of tumor cells include, but are not limited to, glioblastoma,astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, choroid plexus papilloma,medulloblastoma, Schwannoma, neurofibroma, neurilemmoma cells, as wellas neuronal, meningial, pineal or pituitary tumor cells. Themethod:comprises contacting a neural cell with a molecule that disruptsthe biological activity of a granulin molecule. In one embodiment, themolecule is an antibody directed against a granulin peptide. In otherembodiments, the molecule is an antisense nucleotide directed against agranulin nucleic acid molecule, or a vaccine comprising a granulinpeptide or a polynucleotide encoding a granulin peptide. The inventionfurther provides a method for treating cancer of the nervous system in asubject comprising administering to the subject a molecule that disruptsthe biological activity of a granulin molecule.

[0007] The invention additionally provides a method for detecting cancerin a neural tissue comprising contacting the tissue with a molecule thatrecognizes and binds a granulin molecule. The molecule can be, forexample, an antibody directed against a granulin peptide, or anantisense nucleotide directed against a granulin nucleic acid molecule.

[0008] The invention provides a method for identifying a molecule thatinhibits proliferation of neural cancer cells. The method comprisescontacting a candidate molecule with a granulin molecule and determiningwhether the candidate molecule disrupts the biological activity of thegranulin molecule. Disruption of the biological activity of the granulinmolecule is indicative of a molecule that inhibits proliferation ofneural cancer cells.

[0009] The invention provides a method for identifying differentiallyexpressed gene products that are translated from mRNA species, usingantibody-based screening of a cDNA expression library. This method,termed differential immuno-absorption (DIA), can be coupled to cDNAmicroarray hybridization and used in the identification of genes thatplay a role in the malignant progression of cancer. The method foridentifying proteins differentially expressed in a target tissuecomprises linking a target tissue homogenate to a first substrate, andpassing an antiserum raised against the target tissue homogenate overthe first substrate to elute antibodies that bind the target tissue. Themethod further comprises linking a control tissue homogenate to a secondsubstrate, and passing the eluted antibodies over the second substrateto obtain target antibodies that bind proteins present in the targettissue and not proteins present in the control tissue. The targetantibodies so obtained are then used to screen a nucleic acid expressionlibrary containing proteins expressed in the target tissue. Proteinsbound by the target antibodies are identified as differentiallyexpressed in the target tissue.

[0010] The invention thereby provides novel proteins, antibodies andnucleotides identified by this method.

[0011] In addition, the invention provides a method of identifying aprotein that is differentially expressed in a neural cancer comprisingscreening a first library of cells associated with neural cancer and asecond library of non-tumor neural cells with a nucleic acid moleculeencoding a candidate protein. Increased hybridization of the nucleicacid molecule with the first library relative to the second library isindicative of a protein that is differentially expressed in neuralcancer. In one embodiment, the screening comprises a cDNA microarrayassay.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0012]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of strategy for differentialimmuno-absorption (DIA). Glioblastoma (GBM) tumor and normal braintissues were each homogenized in saline, drawing off the solublematerial. The insoluble material was then re-extracted with a smallamount of 1% SDS. Aliquots of tumor homogenate and normal brainhomogenate were each linked to sepharose using CNBr activation (A). Theremainder of the saline soluble GBM tumor homogenate was emulsified incomplete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and used to immunize rabbits; and thedetergent fraction was used to boost the animals in incomplete Freund'sadjuvant (IFA) to produce anti-GBM antiserum (B). This antiserum waspassed through the GBM-sepharose column and anti-GBM antibodies wereeluted off (C). To select for anti-GBM antibodies that do not bind tonormal brain, the eluate was then cross-absorbed against a normal brainaffinity column (D), and anti-GBM antibodies that did not bind werecollected. This final antibody preparation was neutralized,concentrated, dialyzed, and biotinylated. These biotinylated antibodieswere then used to screen a GBM cDNA expression library transferred tonitrocellulose filter replicas (E).

[0013]FIG. 2 shows cDNA microarray analysis of clones identified usingdifferential immuno-absorption (DIA). A total of 26 DIA genes (rows)were analyzed in duplicate in this experiment. The expression pattern ofeach gene is displayed here as a horizontal strip. For each clone (L1through L26), the ratio of mRNA levels in various brain tumors versusits level in non-tumor brain tissue is represented by a color, accordingto the color scale at the bottom. Note that the L5 clone (granulin)showed consistently high levels of expression in all the brain tumortissues analyzed, (3× to 30× that of normal brain). GBM=glioblastoma;AA=anaplastic astrocytoma; PXA=pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma;Oligo=oligodendroglioma.

[0014] FIGS. 3A-B shows granulin expression in human tissues. (A)Northern blot analysis of granulin mRNA in normal and tumorigenic braintissues. Lanes 1-3 were non-tumorigenic brain tissues taken from asurgical resection for epilepsy (lane 1), surgical decompression fortrauma (lane 2), and autopsy normal brain (lane 3). Lanes 4-24 weresurgically resected brain tumor tissues that were pathologicallyconfirmed to be glioblastomas (WHO grade IV, lanes 4-15), anaplasticastrocytomas (WHO grade III, lanes 16-21), low-grade oligodendrogliomas(WHO grade II, lane 22), or anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (WHO gradeIII, lanes 23-24). All surgical specimens were immediately snap frozenin the liquid nitrogen in the operating room. The blot was exposed for48 hours with intensifying screen. (B) Northern blot analysis ofgranulin mRNA in various human peripheral organs. Tissue specimens weretaken at autopsy from normal brain (lane 1), lung (lane 2), heart (lane3), skeletal muscle (lane 4), pancreas (lane 5), liver (lane 6), testes(lane 7), spleen (lane 8), kidney (lane 9), and adrenal gland (lane 10).This blot was exposed for 2 weeks with intensifying screens. As aloading control, the same blots were reprobed with 18S cDNA and exposedfor 1 hour without a screen.

[0015] FIGS. 4A-D shows granulin mRNA in situ hybridization in normaland tumorigenic brain tissues. (Top) Dark-field photomicrographs ofrepresentative sections through normal white matter (A) and glioblastomatissues (B) processed for in situ hybridization using [³⁵S]-labeledgranulin cRNA. Note the significantly greater hybridization densities(white silver grains) in the glioblastoma compared with the normal brainsection. Original magnification=40×. (Bottom) High-powered bright-fieldimage of in situ hybridization of [³⁵S]-labeled granulin cRNA insections of normal brain (C) and tumor (D) counterstained withhematoxylin and eosin. Note that the density and distribution of theintensely hybridizing areas (arrows) appear to be within tumor cells andnot in the surrounding tissue. Also note the relative lack of labelingin the non-tumor glial cells. Original magnification=200×.

[0016] FIGS. 5A-D shows growth regulatory effects of granulin D in ratand human glial cell lines. (A) Photomicrographs of cell cultures ofprimary rat astrocytes without (left, 0 ng/well) and with (tight, 500ng/well) addition of synthetic granulin D peptide. Originalmagnification=100×. (B) Dose-response graph of granulin D peptide on theproliferation of rat astrocytes. Addition of purified synthetic granulinD to culture media stimulated DNA synthesis of primary rat astrocytecells up to 300% of controls as measured by standard ³H-thymidineincorporation assays, with ED₅₀=6 ng/well. (C) Dose-response graph ofgranulin D peptide on the proliferation of human glioblastoma cells. (D)Growth suppressive effect of granulin D antibody in human glioblastomacell cultures. Results were normalized in terms of percentage of controlproliferation, with the control cells receiving equal volumes ofheat-inactivated antibody or borate buffer (without antibody). For thehuman cell culture experiments (C and D), three different humanglioblastoma cell lines were studied. For all studies, the controls wereset to 100% and all other counts in each experiment were normalized tothis value. The results shown are combined from six separateexperiments, using triplicate wells each. Bars represent mean values±SD.

[0017]FIG. 6 is a graph showing the size (mean tumor area in mm) ofsubcutaneous (s.c. or “SQ”) U87 human glioblastoma tumors in CD1 nu/numice treated with anti-granulin antibody as a function of days aftersubcutaneous tumor challenge. Circles represent mice treated withanti-granulin antibody (n=10) and squares represent mice treated withdPBS (n=8).

[0018]FIG. 7 is a graph plotting percentage survival of CD1 nu/nu micewith intracranial (i.c.) U87 human glioblastoma tumors as a function ofsurvival time, in days after i.c. tumor challenge. Squares representmice treated with dPBS (n=10); circles represent control mice treatedwith irrelevant antibody (n=10); and triangles represent mice treatedwith anti-granulin antibody (n=10).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] The present invention is based on the discovery that granulin ismitogenic for glial cells, and that this molecule is upregulated invarious cancers of the nervous system. Moreover, the data describedherein show that antibodies directed against granulin are effective ininhibiting proliferation of glial tumor cells and reducing tumor size.This invention thus provides granulin-related molecules as diagnosticand therapeutic agents for the detection, monitoring and treatment ofneural cancers.

[0020] Definitions

[0021] All scientific and technical terms used in this application havemeanings commonly used in the art unless otherwise specified. As used inthis application, the following words or phrases have the meaningsspecified.

[0022] As used herein, “polypeptide” includes proteins, fragments ofproteins, and peptides, whether isolated from natural sources, producedby recombinant techniques or chemically synthesized. Polypeptides of theinvention typically comprise at least about 6 amino acids.

[0023] As used herein, “granulin related molecule” includes granulinpolypeptides, polynucleotides encoding granulin polypeptides,polynucleotides complementary to those encoding granulin polypeptides,antibodies that specifically recognize and bind granulin polypeptides.

[0024] As used herein, “biological activity of granulin” refers to thespecific binding of granulin to a granulin binding partner, such as agranulin receptor or antibody, to the expression of a granulinpolynucleotide, and to the growth regulatory effects of granulin relatedmolecules.

[0025] As used herein, “vector” means a construct, which is capable ofdelivering, and preferably expressing, one or more gene(s) orsequence(s) of interest in a host cell. Examples of vectors include, butare not limited to, viral vectors, naked DNA or RNA expression vectors,plasmid, cosmid or phage vectors, DNA or RNA expression vectorsassociated with cationic condensing agents, DNA or RNA expressionvectors encapsulated in liposomes, and certain eukaryotic cells, such asproducer cells.

[0026] As used herein, “expression control sequence” means a nucleicacid sequence that directs transcription of a nucleic acid. Anexpression control sequence can be a promoter, such as a constitutive oran inducible promoter, or an enhancer. The expression control sequenceis operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be transcribed.

[0027] The term “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” refers to adeoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer in either single- ordouble-stranded form, and unless otherwise limited, encompasses knownanalogs of natural nucleotides that hybridize to nucleic acids in amanner similar to naturally-occurring nucleotides.

[0028] As used herein, “antigen-presenting cell” or “APC” means a cellcapable of handling and presenting antigen to a lymphocyte. Examples ofAPCs include, but are not limited to, macrophages, Langerhans-dendriticcells, follicular dendritic cells, B cells, monocytes, fibroblasts andfibrocytes. Dendritic cells are a preferred type of antigen presentingcell. Dendritic cells are found in many non-lymphoid tissues but canmigrate via the afferent lymph or the blood stream to the T-dependentareas of lymphoid organs. In non-lymphoid organs, dendritic cellsinclude Langerhans cells and interstitial dendritic cells. In the lymphand blood, they include afferent lymph veiled cells and blood dendriticcells, respectively. In lymphoid organs, they include lymphoid dendriticcells and interdigitating cells.

[0029] As used herein, “modified” to present an epitope refers toantigen-ptesenting cells (APCs) that have been manipulated to present anepitope by natural or recombinant methods. For example, the APCs can bemodified by exposure to the isolated antigen, alone or as part of amixture, peptide loading, or by genetically modifying the APC to expressa polypeptide that includes one or more epitopes.

[0030] As used herein, “tumor protein” is a protein that is expressed bytumor cells. Proteins that are tumor proteins also react detectablywithin an immunoassay (such as an ELISA) with antisera from a patientwith cancer.

[0031] An “immunogenic polypeptide,” as used herein is a portion of aprotein that is recognized (i.e., specifically bound) by a B-cell and/orT-cell surface antigen receptor. Such immunogenic polypeptides generallycomprise at least 5 amino acid residues, more preferably at least 10,and still more preferably at least 20 amino acid residues of a proteinassociated with cancer or infectious disease. Certain preferredimmunogenic polypeptides include peptides in which an N-terminal leadersequence and/or transmembrane domain have been deleted. Other preferredimmunogenic polypeptides may contain a small N- and/or C-terminaldeletion (e.g., 1-30 amino acids, preferably 5-15 amino acids), relativeto the mature protein.

[0032] As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includesany material which, when combined with an active ingredient, allows theingredient to retain biological activity and is non-reactive with thesubject's immune system. Examples include, but are not limited to, anyof the standard pharmaceutical carriers such as a phosphate bufferedsaline solution, water, emulsions such as oil/water emulsion, andvarious types of wetting agents. Preferred diluents for aerosol orparenteral administration are phosphate buffered saline or normal (0.9%)saline.

[0033] Compositions comprising such carriers are formulated by wellknown conventional methods (see, for example, Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, Chapter 43, 14th Ed., Mack Publishing Co, Easton Pa. 18042,USA).

[0034] As used herein, “adjuvant” includes those adjuvants commonly usedin the art to facilitate an immune response. Examples of adjuvantsinclude, but are not limited to, helper peptide; aluminum salts such asaluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or aluminum phosphate; Freund's IncompleteAdjuvant and Complete Adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.);Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, N.J.); AS-2(Smith-Kline Beecham); QS-21 (Aquila Biopharmaceuticals); MPL or 3d-MPL(Corixa Corporation, Hamilton, Mont.); LEIF; salts of calcium, iron orzinc; an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine; acylated sugars;cationically or anionically derivatized polysaccharides;polyphosphazenes; biodegradable microspheres; monophosphoryl lipid A andquil A; muramyl tripeptide phosphatidyl ethanolamine or animmunostimulating complex, including cytokines (e.g., GM-CSF orinterleukin-2, −7 or −12) and immunostimulatory DNA sequences. In someembodiments, such as with the use of a polynucleotide vaccine, anadjuvant such as a helper peptide or cytokine can be provided via apolynucleotide encoding the adjuvant.

[0035] As used herein, “a” or “an” means at least one, unless clearlyindicated otherwise.

[0036] Polynucleotides of the Invention

[0037] The invention provides polynucleotides that encode one or moregranulin peptides, such as granulin D (base pairs 1254-2099), or aportion or other variant thereof. Other granulin polypeptides includegranulin/epithelin precursor, agrogranin, and granulins A, B and C.Preferred polynucleotides comprise at least 15 consecutive nucleotides,preferably at least 30 consecutive nucleotides and more preferably atleast 45 consecutive nucleotides, that encode a portion of a granulinpolypeptide. Polynucleotides that are fully complementary to any suchsequences are also encompassed by the present invention. Polynucleotidesmay be single-stranded (coding or antisense) or double-stranded, and maybe DNA genomic, cDNA or synthetic) or RNA molecules. RNA moleculesinclude HnRNA molecules, which contain introns and correspond to a DNAmolecule in a one-to-one manner, and mRNA molecules, which do notcontain introns. Additional coding or non-coding sequences may, but neednot, be present within a polynucleotide of the present invention, and apolynucleotide may, but need not, be linked to other molecules and/orsupport materials. Portions of such granulin polynucleotides can beuseful as primers and probes for the amplification and detection ofgranulin related molecules in tissue specimens.

[0038] Polynucleotides may comprise a native sequence (i.e., anendogenous sequence that encodes a granulin polypeptide or a portionthereof) or may comprise a variant of such a sequence. Polynucleotidevariants contain one or more substitutions, additions, deletions and/orinsertions such that the immunogenicity of the encoded polypeptide isnot diminished, relative to a native granulin protein. Variantspreferably exhibit at least about 70% identity, more preferably at leastabout 80% identity and most preferably at least about 90% identity to apolynucleotide sequence that encodes a native granulin protein or aportion thereof

[0039] Two polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences are said to be“identical” if the sequence of nucleotides or amino acids in the twosequences is the same when aligned for maximum correspondence asdescribed below. Comparisons between two sequences are typicallyperformed by comparing the sequences over a comparison window toidentify and compare local regions of sequence similarity. A “comparisonwindow” as used herein, refers to a segment of at least about 20contiguous positions, usually 30 to about 75, 40 to about 50, in which asequence may be compared to a reference sequence of the same number ofcontiguous positions after the two sequences are optimally aligned.

[0040] Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conductedusing the Megalign program in the Lasergene suite of bioinformaticssoftware (DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, Wis.), using default parameters. Thisprogram embodies several alignment schemes described in the followingreferences: Dayhoff, Mo. (1978) A model of evolutionary change inproteins—Matrices for detecting distant relationships. In Dayhoff, Mo.(ed.) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, National BiomedicalResearch Foundation, Washington D.C. Vol. 5, Suppl. 3, pp. 345-358; HeinJ. (1990) Unified Approach to Alignment and Phylogenes pp. 626-645Methods in Enzymology vol. 183, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.;Higgins, D. G. and Sharp, P. M. (1989) CABIOS 5:151-153; Myers, E. W.and Muller W. (1988) CABIOS 4:11-17; Robinson, E. D. (1971) Comb. Theor.11:105; Santou, N., Nes, M.:(1987) Mol. Biol. Evol. 4:406-425; Sneath,P. H. A. and Sokal, R. R. (1973) Numerical Taxonomy the Principles andPractice of Numerical Taxonomy, Freeman Press, San Francisco, Calif.;Wilbur, W. J. and Lipman, D. J. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA80:726-730.

[0041] Preferably, the “percentage of sequence identity” is determinedby comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a window of comparisonof at least 20 positions, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide orpolypeptide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions ordeletions (i.e. gaps) of 20 percent or less, usually 5 to 15 percent, or10 to 12 percent, as compared to the reference sequences (which does notcomprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the twosequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number ofpositions at which the identical nucleic acid bases or amino acidresidue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matchedpositions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total numberof positions in the reference sequence (i.e. the window size) andmultiplying the results by 100 to yield the percentage of sequenceidentity.

[0042] Variants may also, or alternatively, be substantially homologousto a native gene, or a portion or complement thereof. Suchpolynucleotide variants are capable of hybridizing under moderatelystringent conditions to a naturally occurring DNA sequence encoding anative stress protein (or a complementary sequence). Suitable moderatestringent conditions include prewashing in a solution of 5× SSC, 0.5%SDS, 1.0 mM EDTA (pH 8.0); hybridizing at 50° C.-65° C., 5× SSC,overnight; followed by washing twice at 65° C. for 20 minutes with eachof 2×, 0.5× and 0.2× SSC containing 0.1% SDS.

[0043] It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the artthat, as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, there are manynucleotide sequences that encode a polypeptide as described herein. Someof these polynucleotides bear minimal homology to the nucleotidesequence of any native gene. Nonetheless, polynucleotides that vary dueto differences in codon usage are specifically contemplated by thepresent invention. Further, alleles of the genes comprising thepolynucleotide sequences provided herein are within the scope of thepresent invention. Alleles are endogenous genes that are altered as aresult of one or more mutations, such as deletions, additions and/orsubstitutions of nucleotides. The resulting mRNA and protein may, butneed not, have an altered structure or function. Alleles may beidentified using standard techniques (such as hybridization,amplification and/or database sequence comparison).

[0044] Polynucleotides may be prepared using any of a variety oftechniques known in the art. DNA encoding a granulin protein may beobtained from a cDNA library prepared from tissue expressing a granulinprotein mRNA. Accordingly, human granulin DNA can be convenientlyobtained from a cDNA library prepared from human tissue. The granulinprotein-encoding gene may also be obtained from a genomic library or byoligonucleotide synthesis. Libraries can be screened with probes (suchas antibodies to granulin or oligonucleotides of at least about 20-80bases) designed to identify the gene of interest or the protein encodedby it. Screening the cDNA or genomic library with the selected probe maybe conducted using standard procedures, such as those described inSambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (New York: ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). An alternative means to isolatethe gene encoding granulin is to use PCR methodology (Sambrook et al.,supra; Dieffenbach et al., PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual (Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press, 1995)).

[0045] The oligonucleotide sequences selected as probes should besufficiently long and sufficiently unambiguous that false positives areminimized. The oligonucleotide is preferably labeled such that it can bedetected upon hybridization to DNA in the library being screened.Methods of labeling are well known in the art, and include the use ofradiolabels, such as ³²P-labeled ATP, biotinylation or enzyme labeling.Hybridization conditions, including moderate stringency and highstringency, are provided in Sambrook et al., supra.

[0046] Polynucleotide variants may generally be prepared by any methodknown in the art, including chemical synthesis by, for example, solidphase phosphoramidite chemical synthesis. Modifications in apolynucleotide sequence may also be introduced using standardmutagenesis techniques, such as oligonucleotide-directed site-specificmutagenesis (see Adelman et al., DNA 2:183, 1983). Alternatively, RNAmolecules may be generated by in vitro or in vivo transcription of DNAsequences encoding a stress protein, or portion thereof, provided thatthe DNA is incorporated into a vector with a suitable RNA polymerasepromoter (such as T7 or SP6). Certain portions may be used to prepare anencoded polypeptide, as described herein. In addition, or alternatively,a portion may be administered to a patient such that the encodedpolypeptide is generated in vivo (e.g., by transfectingantigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, with a cDNA constructencoding a stress polypeptide, and administering the transfected cellsto the patient).

[0047] Any polynucleotide may be further modified to increase stabilityin vivo. Possible modifications include, but are not limited to, theaddition of flanking sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ ends; the use ofphosphorothioate or 2′ O-methyl rather than phosphodiesterase linkagesin the backbone; and/or the inclusion of nontraditional bases such asinosine, queosine and wybutosine, as well as acetyl- methyl-, thio- andother modified forms of adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine and uridine.

[0048] Nucleotide sequences can be joined to a variety of othernucleotide sequences using established recombinant DNA techniques. Forexample, a polynucleotide may be cloned into any of a variety of cloningvectors, including plasmids, phagemids, lambda phage derivatives andcosmids. Vectors of particular interest include expression vectors,replication vectors, probe generation vectors and sequencing vectors. Ingeneral, a vector will contain an origin of replication functional in atleast one organism, convenient restriction endonuclease sites and one ormore selectable markers. Other elements will depend upon the desireduse, and will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0049] Within certain embodiments, polynucleotides may be formulated soas to permit entry into a cell of a mammal, and to permit expressiontherein. Such formulations are particularly useful for therapeuticpurposes, as described below. Those of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that there are many ways to achieve expression of apolynucleotide in a target cell, and any suitable method may beemployed. For example, a polynucleotide may be incorporated into a viralvector such as, but not limited to, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus,retrovirus, or vaccinia or other pox virus (e.g., avian pox virus).Techniques for incorporating DNA into such vectors are well known tothose of ordinary skill in the art. A retroviral vector may additionallytransfer or incorporate a gene for a selectable marker (to aid in theidentification or selection of transduced cells) and/or a targetingmoiety, such as a gene that encodes a ligand for a receptor on aspecific target cell, to tender the vector target specific. Targetingmay also be accomplished using an antibody, by methods known to those ofordinary skill in the art.

[0050] Other formulations for therapeutic purposes include colloidaldispersion systems, such as macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules,microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-wateremulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes. A preferredcolloidal system for use as a delivery vehicle in vitro and in vivo is aliposome (i.e., an artificial membrane vesicle). The preparation and useof such systems is well known in the art.

[0051] Granulin Polypeptides

[0052] Granulin polypeptides include granulin/epithelin precursor,agrogranin, and granulins A, B, C and D. Granulin polypeptides asdescribed herein may be of any length. Additional sequences derived fromthe native protein and/or heterologous sequences may be present, andsuch sequences may, but need not, possess further peptide binding,immunogenic or antigenic properties.

[0053] Immunogenic polypeptides may generally be identified using wellknown techniques, such as those summarized in Paul, FundamentalImmunology, 4th ed., 663-665 (Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1999) andreferences cited therein. Such techniques include screening polypeptidesfor the ability to react with antigen-specific antibodies, antiseraand/or T-cell lines or clones. As used herein, antisera and antibodiesare antigen-specific if they specifically bind to an antigen (i.e., theyreact with the protein in an ELISA or other immunoassay, and do notreact detectably with unrelated proteins). Such antisera and antibodiesmay be prepared using well known techniques. An immunogenic polypeptidecan be a portion of a native protein that reacts with such antiseraand/or T-cells at a level that is not substantially less than thereactivity of the full length polypeptide (e.g., in an ELISA and/orT-cell reactivity assay). Such immunogenic portions may react withinsuch assays at a level that is similar to or greater than the reactivityof the full length polypeptide. Such screens may generally be performedusing methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such asthose described in Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988. For example, a polypeptide may beimmobilized on a solid support and contacted with patient sera to allowbinding of antibodies within the sera to the immobilized polypeptide.Unbound sera may then be removed and bound antibodies detected using,for example, ¹²⁵I-labeled Protein A.

[0054] A granulin polypeptide of the invention can comprise a variant ofa native granulin protein. A polypeptide “variant,” as used herein, is apolypeptide that differs from a native granulin protein in one or moresubstitutions, deletions, additions and/or insertions, such that theimmunogenicity of the polypeptide is not substantially diminished. Inother words, the ability of a variant to react with antigen-specificantisera may be enhanced or unchanged, relative to the native protein,or may be diminished by less than 50%, and preferably less than 20%,relative to the native protein. Such variants may generally beidentified by modifying one of the above polypeptide sequences andevaluating the reactivity of the modified polypeptide withantigen-specific antibodies or antisera as described herein. Preferredvariants include those in which one or more portions, such as anN-terminal leader sequence, have been removed. Other preferred variantsinclude variants in which a small portion (e.g., 1-30 amino acids,preferably 5-15 amino acids) has been removed from the N- and/orC-terminal of the mature protein. Polypeptide variants preferablyexhibit at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 90% and mostpreferably at least about 95% identity (determined as described above)to the identified polypeptides.

[0055] Preferably, a variant contains conservative substitutions. A“conservative substitution” is one in which an amino acid is substitutedfor another amino acid that has similar properties, such that oneskilled in the art of peptide chemistry would expect the secondarystructure and hydropathic nature of the polypeptide to be substantiallyunchanged. Amino acid substitutions may generally be made on the basisof similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity,hydrophilicity and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues. Forexample, negatively charged amino acids include aspartic acid andglutamic acid; positively charged amino acids include lysine andarginine; and amino acids with uncharged polar head groups havingsimilar hydrophilicity values include leucine, isoleucine and valine;glycine and alanine; asparagine and glutamine; and serine, threonine,phenylalanine and tyrosine. Other groups of amino acids that mayrepresent conservative changes include: (1) ala, pro, gly, glu, asp,gln, asn, ser, thr; (2) cys, ser, tyr, thr; (3) val, ile, leu, met, ala,phe; (4) lys, arg, his; and (5) phe, tyr, trp, his. A variant may also,or alternatively, contain nonconservative changes. In a preferredembodiment, variant polypeptides differ from a native sequence bysubstitution, deletion or addition of five amino acids or fewer.Variants may also (or alternatively) be modified by, for example, thedeletion or addition of amino acids that have mi al influence on theimmunogenicity, secondary structure and hydropathic nature of thepolypeptide.

[0056] Polypeptides may comprise a signal (or leader) sequence at theN-terminal end of the protein that co-translationally orpost-translationaly directs transfer of the protein. The polypeptide mayalso be conjugated to a linker or other sequence for ease of synthesis,purification or identification of the polypeptide (e.g., poly-FEs), orto enhance binding of the polypeptide to a solid support. For example, apolypeptide may be conjugated to an immunoglobulin Fc region.

[0057] In some embodiments, the polypeptides are purified from the samesubject to whom the composition will be administered. In theseembodiments, it may be desirable to increase the number of tumor orinfected cells. Such a scale up of cells could be performed in vitro orin vivo, using, for example, a SCID mouse system. Where the cells arescaled up in the presence of non-human cells, such as by growing a humansubject's tumor in a SCID mouse host, care should be taken to purify thehuman cells from any non-human (e.g., mouse) cells that may haveinfiltrated the tumor. In these embodiments in which the compositionwill be administered to the same subject from whom the polypeptides arepurified, it may also be desirable purify several granulin polypeptidesto optimize the efficacy of a limited quantity of starting material.

[0058] Recombinant polypeptides encoded by DNA sequences as describedabove may be readily prepared from the DNA sequences using any of avariety of expression vectors known to those of ordinary skill in theart. Expression may be achieved in any appropriate host cell that hasbeen transformed or transfected with an expression vector containing aDNA molecule that encodes a recombinant polypeptide. Suitable host cellsinclude prokaryotes, yeast and higher eukaryotic cells. Preferably, thehost cells employed are E. coli, yeast, insect cells or a mammalian cellline such as COS or CHO. Supernatants from suitable host/vector systemsthat secrete recombinant protein or polypeptide into culture media maybe first concentrated using a commercially available filter. Followingconcentration, the concentrate may be applied to a suitable purificationmatrix such as an affinity matrix or an ion exchange resin. Finally, oneor more reverse phase HPLC steps can be employed to further purify arecombinant polypeptide.

[0059] Portions and other variants having fewer than about 100 aminoacids, and generally fewer than about 50 amino acids, may also begenerated by synthetic means, using techniques well known to those ofordinary skill in the art. For example, such polypeptides may besynthesized using any of the commercially available solid-phasetechniques, such as the Merrifield solid-phase synthesis method, whereamino acids are sequentially added to a growing amino add chain. SeeMerrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2149-2146, 1963. Equipment forautomated synthesis of polypeptides is commercially available fromsuppliers such as Perkin Elmer/Applied BioSystems Division (Foster City,Calif.), and may be operated according to the manufactuter'sinstructions.

[0060] Polypeptides can be synthesized on a Perkin Elmer/AppliedBiosystems Division 430A peptide synthesizer using FMOC chemistry withHPTU (O-BenzotdiazoleN,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate)activation. A Gly-Cys-Gly sequence may be attached to the amino terminusof the peptide to provide a method of conjugation, binding to animmobilized surface, or labeling of the peptide. Cleavage of thepeptides from the solid support may be carried out using the followingcleavage mixture: trifluoroaceticacid:ethanedithiol:thioanisole:water:phenol (40:1:2:2:3). After cleavingfor 2 hours, the peptides may be precipitated in coldmethyl-t-butyl-ether. The peptide pellets may then be dissolved in watercontaining 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (FA) and lyophilized prior topurification by C18 reverse phase HPLC. A gradient of 0%-60%acetonitrile (containing 0.1% TFA) in water may be used to elute thepeptides. Following lyophilization of the pure fractions, the peptidesmay be characterized using electrospray or other types of massspectrometry and by amino acid analysis.

[0061] Fusion Proteins

[0062] In some embodiments, the polypeptide is a fusion protein thatcomprises multiple polypeptides as described herein, or that comprisesat least one polypeptide as described herein and an unrelated sequence.In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a granulin polypeptideand an immunogenic polypeptide. The immunogenic polypeptide cancomprise, for example, all or a portion of an additional tumor protein.

[0063] Additional fusion partners can be added. A fusion partner may,for example, serve as an immunological fusion partner by assisting inthe provision of T helper epitopes, preferably T helper epitopesrecognized by humans. As another example, a fusion partner may serve asan expression enhancer, assisting in expressing the protein at higheryields than the native recombinant protein. Certain preferred fusionpartners are both immunological and expression enhancing fusionpartners. Other fusion partners may be selected so as to increase thesolubility of the protein or to enable the protein to be targeted todesired intracellular compartments. Still further fusion partnersinclude affinity tags, which facilitate purification of the protein.

[0064] Fusion proteins may generally be prepared using standardtechniques, including chemical conjugation. Preferably, a fusion proteinis expressed as a recombinant protein, allowing the production ofincreased levels, relative to a non-fused protein, in an expressionsystem. Briefly, DNA sequences encoding the polypeptide components maybe assembled separately, and ligated into an appropriate expressionvector. The 3′ end of the DNA sequence encoding one polypeptidecomponent is ligated, with or without a peptide linker, to the 5′ end ofa DNA sequence encoding the second polypeptide component so that thereading frames of the sequences are in phase. This permits translationinto a single fusion protein that retains the biological activity ofboth component polypeptides.

[0065] A peptide linker sequence may be employed to separate the firstand the second polypeptide components by a distance sufficient to ensurethat each polypeptide folds into its secondary and tertiary structures.Such a peptide linker sequence is incorporated into the fusion proteinusing standard techniques well known in the art. Suitable peptide linkersequences may be chosen based on the following factors: (1) theirability to adopt a flexible extended conformation; (2) their inabilityto adopt a secondary structure that could interact with functionalepitopes on the first and second polypeptides; and (3) the lack ofhydrophobic or charged residues that might react with the polypeptidefunctional epitopes. Preferred peptide linker sequences contain Gly, Asnand Ser residues. Other near neutral amino acids, such as Thr and Alamay also be used in the linker sequence. Amino acid sequences which maybe usefully employed as linkers include those disclosed in Maratea etal., Gene 40:39-46, 1985; Murphy et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA83:8258-8262, 1986; U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,233 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,180.The linker sequence may generally be from 1 to about 50 amino acids inlength. Linker sequences are not required when the first and secondpolypeptides have non-essential N-terminal amino acid regions that canbe used to separate the functional domains and prevent stericinterference.

[0066] The ligated DNA sequences are operably linked to suitabletranscriptional or translational regulatory elements. The regulatoryelements responsible for expression of DNA are located 5′ to the DNAsequence encoding the first polypeptides. Similarly, stop codonsrequired to end translation and transcription termination signals arepresent 3′ to the DNA sequence encoding the second polypeptide.

[0067] Fusion proteins are also provided that comprise a polypeptide ofthe present invention together with an unrelated immunogenic protein.Preferably the immunogenic protein is capable of eliciting a memoryresponse. Examples of such proteins include tetanus, tuberculosis andhepatitis proteins (see, for example, Stoute et al., New Engl. J. Med.336:86-91, 1997).

[0068] Within preferred embodiments, an immunological fusion partner isderived from protein D, a surface protein of the gram-negative bacteriumHaemophilus influenza B (WO 91/18926). Preferably, a protein Dderivative comprises approximately the first third of the protein (e.g.,the first N-terminal 100-110 amino acids), and a protein D derivativemay be lipidated. Within certain preferred embodiments, the first 109residues of a Lipoprotein D fusion partner is included on the N-terminusto provide the polypeptide with additional exogenous T-cell epitopes andto increase the expression level in E. coli (thus functioning as anexpression enhancer). The lipid tail ensures optimal presentation of theantigen to antigen presenting cells. Other fusion partners include thenon-structural protein from influenzae virus, NS I (hemaglutinin).Typically, the N-terminal 81 amino acids are used, although differentfragments that include T-helper epitopes may be used.

[0069] In another embodiment, the immunological fusion partner is theprotein known as LYTA, or a portion thereof (preferably a C-terminalportion). LYTA is derived from Streptococcus pneumoniae, whichsynthesizes an N-acetyl-L-alanine amidase known-as amidase LYTA (encodedby the LytA gene; Gene 43:265-292, 1986). LYTA is an autolysin thatspecifically degrades certain bonds in the peptidoglycan backbone. TheC-terminal domain of the LYTA protein is responsible for the affinity tothe choline or to some choline analogues such as DEAR This property hasbeen exploited for the development of E. coli C-LYTA expressing plasmidsuseful for expression of fusion proteins. Purification of hybridproteins containing the C-LYTA fragment at the amino terminus has beendescribed (see Biotechnology 10:795-798, 1992). Within a preferredembodiment, a repeat portion of LYTA may be incorporated into a fusionprotein. A repeat portion is found in the C-terminal region starting atresidue 178. A particularly preferred repeat portion incorporatesresidues 188-305.

[0070] In general, polypeptides (including fusion proteins) andpolynucleotides as described herein are isolated. An “isolated”polypeptide or polynucleotide is one that is removed from its originalenvironment. For example, a naturally occurring protein is isolated ifit is separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in thenatural system. Preferably, such polypeptides are at least about 90%pure, more preferably at least about 95% pure and most preferably atleast about ⁹⁹% pure. A polynucleotide is considered to be isolated if,for example, it is cloned into a vector that is not a part of thenatural environment.

[0071] Antibodies

[0072] The term “antibody” is used in the broadest sense andspecifically covers single anti-granulin monoclonal antibodies(including agonist, antagonist and neutralizing antibodies) andanti-granulin antibody compositions with polyepitopic specificity. Theterm “monoclonal antibody” (mAb) as used herein refers to an antibodyobtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e.the antibodies comprising the individual population are identical exceptfor possible naturally-occurring mutations that may be present in minoramounts.

[0073] The invention provides antibodies that bind to granulin proteinsand polypeptides. The most preferred antibodies will specifically bindto a granulin protein and will not bind (or will bind weakly) tonon-granulin proteins and polypeptides. Anti-granulin antibodies thatare particularly contemplated include monoclonal and polyclonalantibodies as well as fragments containing the antigen binding domainand/or one or more complementarity determining regions of theseantibodies. As used herein, an antibody fragment is defined as at leasta portion of the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule thatbinds to its target, i.e., the antigen binding region.

[0074] Granulin antibodies of the invention may be particularly usefulin neural cancer diagnostic and prognostic assays, and imagingmethodologies. Intracellularly expressed antibodies (e.g., single chainantibodies) may be therapeutically useful in treating cancers in whichthe expression of granulin is involved, such as for example advanced andmetastatic brain cancers. Also useful in therapeutic methods fortreatment of neural cancer are systemically administered granulinantibodies that interfere with granulin function or that target cellsexpressing granulin for delivery of a toxin or therapeutic molecule.Such delivery of a toxin or therapeutic molecule can be achieved usingknown methods of conjugating a second molecule to the granulin antibodyor fragment thereof. Similarly, such antibodies may be useful in thetreatment, diagnosis, and/or prognosis of other cancers, to the extentgranulin is also expressed or overexpressed in other types of cancer.

[0075] The invention also provides various immunological assays usefulfor the detection and quantification of granulin polypeptides. Suchassays generally comprise one or more granulin antibodies capable ofrecognizing and binding a granulin, and may be performed within variousimmunological assay formats well known in the art, including but notlimited to various types of radioimmunoassays, enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assays (ELISA), enzyme-linked immunofluorescent assays(ELIFA), and the like. In addition, immunological imaging methodscapable of detecting cancers expressing granulin are also provided bythe invention, including but not limited to radioscintigraphic imagingmethods using labeled granulin antibodies. Such assays may be clinicallyuseful in the detection, monitoring, and prognosis of granulinexpressing cancers.

[0076] Various methods for the preparation of antibodies are well knownin the art. For example, antibodies may be prepared by immunizing asuitable mammalian host using a granulin protein, peptide, or fragment,in isolated or immunoconjugated form (Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual,CSH Press, Eds., Harlow, and Lane (1988); Harlow, Antibodies, ColdSpring Harbor Press, N.Y. (1989)). In addition, fusion proteins ofgranulin may also be used, such as a granulin GST-fusion protein. Inanother embodiment, a granulin peptide may be synthesized and used as animmunogen.

[0077] The antibodies or fragments may also be produced, using currenttechnology, by recombinant means. Regions that bind specifically to thedesired regions of the granulin protein can also be produced in thecontext of chimeric or CDR grafted antibodies of multiple speciesorigin. Humanized or human granulin antibodies may also be produced andare preferred for use in therapeutic contexts. Methods for humanizingmutine and other non-human antibodies by substituting one or more of thenon-human antibody CDRs for corresponding human antibody sequences arewell known (see for example, Jones et al., 1986, Nature 321: 522-525;Riechmann et al., 1988, Nature 332: 323-327; Verhoeyen et al., 1988,Science 239: 1534-1536). See also, Carter et al., 1993, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 89: 4285 and Sims et al., 1993,J. Immunol. 151: 2296.Methods for producing fully human monoclonal antibodies include phagedisplay and transgenic methods (for review, see Vaughan et al., 1998,Nature Biotechnology 16: 535-539).

[0078] Fully human granulin monoclonal antibodies may be generated usingcloning technologies employing large human Ig gene combinatoriallibraries (i.e., phage display) (Griffiths and Hoogenboom, Building anin vitro immune system: human antibodies from phage display libraries.In: Protein Engineering of Antibody Molecules for Prophylactic andTherapeutic Applications in Man. Clark, M. (Ed.), Nottingham Academic,pp 45-64 (1993); Burton and Barbas, Human Antibodies from combinatoriallibraries. Id., pp 65-82). Fully human granulin monoclonal antibodiesmay also be produced using transgenic mice engineered to contain humanimmunoglobulin gene loci as described in PCT Patent ApplicationWO98/24893, Kucherlapati and Jakobovits et al., published Dec. 3, 1997(see also, Jakobovits, 1998, Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 7(4): 607-614).This method avoids the in vitro manipulation required with phage displaytechnology and efficiently produces high affinity authentic humanantibodies.

[0079] Reactivity of granulin antibodies with a granulin protein may beestablished by a number of well known means, including western blot,immunoprecipitation, ELISA, and FACS analyses using, as appropriate,granulin proteins, peptides, granulin-expressing cells or extractsthereof

[0080] A granulin antibody or fragment thereof of the invention may belabeled with a detectable marker or conjugated to a second molecule.Suitable detectable markers include, but are not limited to, aradioisotope, a fluorescent compound, a bioluminescent compound,chemiluminescent compound, a metal chelator or an enzyme. A secondmolecule for conjugation to the granulin antibody can be selected inaccordance with the intended use. For example, for therapeutic use, thesecond molecule can be a toxin or therapeutic agent. Further,bi-specific antibodies specific for two or more granulin epitopes may begenerated using methods generally known in the art. Homodimericantibodies may also be generated by cross-linking techniques known inthe art (e.g., Wolff et al., Cancer Res. 53: 2560-2565).

[0081] T Cells

[0082] Immunotherapeutic compositions may also, or alternatively,comprise T cells specific for a granulin polypeptide. Such cells maygenerally be prepared in vitro or ex vivo, using standard procedures.For example, T cells may be isolated from bone marrow, peripheral blood,or a fraction of bone marrow or peripheral blood of a patient, using acommercially available cell separation system, such as the ISOLEX™magnetic cell selection system, available from Nexell Therapeutics,Irvine, Calif. (see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,475); or MACS cellseparation technology from Miltenyi Biotec, including Pan T CellIsolation Kit, CD4+ T Cell Isolation Kit, and CD8+ T Cell Isolation Kit(see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,856; U.S. Pat. No. 5,215,926; WO 89/06280;WO 91/16116 and WO 92/07243). Alternatively, T cells may be derived fromrelated or unrelated humans, non-human mammals, cell lines or cultures.

[0083] T cells may be stimulated with a granulin polypeptide,polynucleotide encoding a granulin polypeptide and/or an antigenpresenting cell (APC) that expresses such a granulin polypeptide. Thestimulation is performed under conditions and for a time sufficient topermit the generation of T cells that are specific for the polypeptide.Preferably, a granulin polypeptide or polynucleotide is present within adelivery vehicle, such as a microsphere, to facilitate the generation ofspecific T cells.

[0084] T cells are considered to be specific for a granulin polypeptideif the T cells kill target cells coated with the polypeptide orexpressing a gene encoding the polypeptide. T cell specificity may beevaluated using any of a variety of standard techniques. For example,within a chromium release assay or proliferation assay, a stimulationindex of more than two fold increase in lysis and/or proliferation,compared to negative controls, indicates T cell specificity. Such assaysmay be performed, for example, as described in Chen et al., Cancer Res.54:1065-1070, 1994.

[0085] Detection of the proliferation of T cells may be accomplished bya variety of known techniques. For example, T cell proliferation can bedetected by measuring an increased rate of DNA synthesis (e.g., bypulse-labeling cultures of T cells with tritiated thymidine andmeasuring the amount of tritiated thymidine incorporated into DNA).Contact with a stress protein complex (100 ng/ml-100 μg/ml, preferably200 ng/ml-25 μg/ml) for 3-7 days should result in at least a two foldincrease in proliferation of the T cells. Contact as described above for2-3 hours should result in activation of the T cells, as measured usingstandard cytokine assays in which a two fold increase in the level ofcytokine release (e.g., TNF or IFN-γ) is indicative of T cell activation(see Coligan et al., Current Protocols in Immunology, vol. 1, WileyInterscience (Greene 1998)). T cells that have been activated inresponse to a stress polypeptide, polynucleotide orpolypeptide-expressing APC may be CD4+ and/or CD8+. T cells can beexpanded using standard techniques.

[0086] Within preferred embodiments, the T cells are derived from eithera patient or a related, or unrelated, donor and are administered to thepatient following stimulation and expansion. For therapeutic purposes,CD4+ or CD8+ T cells that proliferate in response to a granulinpolypeptide, polynucleotide or APC can be expanded in number either invitro or in vivo. Proliferation of such T cells in vitro may beaccomplished in a variety of ways. For example, the T cells can bere-exposed to a granulin polypeptide, with or without the addition of Tcell growth factors, such as interleukin-2, and/or stimulator cells.Alternatively, one or more T cells that proliferate in the presence of agranulin polypeptide can be expanded in number by cloning. Methods forcloning cells are well known in the art, and include limiting dilution.

[0087] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Vaccines

[0088] The invention provides granulin polypeptide, polynucleotides, Tcells and/or antigen presenting cells that are incorporated intopharmaceutical compositions, including immunogenic compositions (i.e.,vaccines). Pharmaceutical compositions comprise one or more suchcompounds and, optionally, a physiologically acceptable carrier.Vaccines may comprise one or mote such compounds and an adjuvant thatserves as a non-specific immune response enhancer. The adjuvant may beany substance that enhances an immune response to an exogenous antigen.Examples of adjuvants include conventional adjuvants, biodegradablemicrospheres (e.g., polylactic galactide), immunostimulatoryoligonucleotides and liposomes (into which the compound is incorporated;see e.g., Fullerton, U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,877). Vaccine preparation isgenerally described in, for example, M. F. Powell and M. J. Newman,eds., “Vaccine Design (the subunit and adjuvant approach),” Plenum Press(NY, 1995). Pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines within the scope ofthe present invention may also contain other compounds that may bebiologically active or inactive. For example, one or more immunogenicportions of other tumor antigens may be present, either incorporatedinto a fusion polypeptide or as a separate compound, within thecomposition or vaccine.

[0089] A pharmaceutical composition or vaccine can contain DNA encodingone or more of the polypeptides as described above, such that thepolypeptide is generated in situ. As noted above, the DNA may be presentwithin any of a variety of delivery systems known to those of ordinaryskill in the art, including nucleic acid expression systems, bacteriaand viral expression systems. Numerous gene delivery techniques are wellknown in the art, such as those described by Rolland, Crit. Rev. Therap.Drug Carrier Systems 15:143-198, 1998, and references cited therein.Appropriate nucleic acid expression systems contain the necessary DNAsequences for expression in the patient (such as a suitable promoter andterminating signal). Bacterial delivery systems involve theadministration of a bacterium (such as Bacillus- Calmette-Guemn) thatexpresses an immunogenic portion of the polypeptide on its cell surfaceor secretes such an epitope.

[0090] In a preferred embodiment, the DNA may be introduced using avital expression system (e.g., vaccinia or other pox virus, retrovirus,or adenovirus), which may involve the use of a non-pathogenic(defective), replication competent virus. Suitable systems aredisclosed, for example, in Fisher-Hoch et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 86:317-321, 1989; Flexner et al., Ann. N. Y. Acad Sci. 569:86-103,1989; Flexner et al., Vaccine 8:17-21, 1990; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,603,112,4,769,330, and 5,017,487; WO 89/01973; U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,127; GB2,200,651; EP 0,345,242; WO 91/02805; Berkner-Biotechniques 6:616-627,1988; Rosenfeld et al., Science 252:431-434, 1991; Kolls et al., Proc.Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 91:215-219, 1994; Kass-Eisler et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 90:11498-11502, 1993; Guzman et al., Circulation88:2838-2848, 1993; and Guzman et al., Cir. Res. 73:1202-1207, 1993.Techniques for incorporating DNA into such expression systems are wellknown to those of ordinary skill in the art. The DNA may also be“naked,” as described, for example, in Ulmer et al., Science259:1745-1749, 1993 and reviewed by Cohen, Science 259:1691-1692, 1993.The uptake of naked DNA may be increased by coating the DNA ontobiodegradable beads, which are efficiently transported into the cells.

[0091] While any suitable carrier known to those of ordinary skill inthe art may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of thisinvention, the type of carrier will vary depending on the mode ofadministration. Compositions of the present invention may be formulatedfor any appropriate manner of administration, including for example,topical, oral, nasal, intravenous, intracranial, intraperitoneal,subcutaneous or intramuscular administration. For parenteraladministration, such as subcutaneous injection, the carrier preferablycomprises water, saline, alcohol, a fat, a wax or a buffer. For oraladministration, any of the above carriers or a solid carrier, such asmannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine,talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, and magnesium carbonate, may beemployed. Biodegradable microspheres (e.g., polylactate polyglycolate)may also be employed as carriers for the pharmaceutical compositions ofthis invention. Suitable biodegradable microspheres are disclosed, forexample, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,897,268 and 5,075,109.

[0092] Such compositions may also comprise buffers (e.g., neutralbuffered saline or phosphate buffered saline), carbohydrates (e.g.,glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans), mannitol, proteins, polypeptidesor amino acids such as glycine, antioxidants, chelating agents such asEDTA or glutathione, adjuvants (e.g., aluminum hydroxide) and/orpreservatives. Alternatively, compositions of the present invention maybe formulated as a lyophilizate. Compounds may also be encapsulatedwithin liposomes using well known technology.

[0093] Any of a variety of adjuvants may be employed in the vaccines ofthis invention. Most adjuvants contain a substance designed to protectthe antigen from rapid catabolism, such as aluminum hydroxide or mineraloil, and a stimulator of immune responses, such as lipid A, Bortadellapertussis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived proteins. Suitableadjuvants are commercially available as, for example, Freund'sIncomplete Adjuvant and Complete Adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit,Mich.); Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, N.J.);aluminum salts such as aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or aluminumphosphate; salts of calcium, iron or zinc; an insoluble suspension ofacylated tyrosine acylated sugars; cationically or anionicallyderivatized polysaccharides; polyphosphazenes biodegradablemicrospheres; monophosphoryl lipid A and quil A. Cytokines, such as GMCSF or interleukin-2, −7, or −12, may also be used as adjuvants.

[0094] Within the vaccines provided herein, the adjuvant composition ispreferably designed to induce an immune response predominantly of theTh1 type. High levels of Th1-type cytokines (e.g., IFN-α, IL-2 andIL-12) tend to favor the induction of cell mediated immune responses toan administered antigen. In contrast, high levels of Th2-type cytokines(e.g., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-β) tend to favor the induction ofhumoral immune responses. Following application of a vaccine as providedherein, a patient will support an immune response that includes Th1- andTh2-type responses. Within a preferred embodiment, in which a responseis predominantly Th1-type, the level of Th1-type cytokines will increaseto a greater extent than the level of Th2-type cytokines. The levels ofthese cytokines may be readily assessed using standard assays. For areview of the families of cytokines, see Mosmann and Coffman, Ann. Rev.Immunol. 7:145-173,1989.

[0095] The compositions described herein may be administered as part ofa sustained release formulation (i.e., a formulation such as a capsuleor sponge that effects a slow release of compound followingadministration). Such formulations may generally be prepared using wellknown technology and administered by, for example, oral, rectal orsubcutaneous implantation, or by implantation at the desired targetsite, such as a site of surgical excision of a tumor. Sustained-releaseformulations may contain a polypeptide, polynucleotide or antibodydispersed in a carrier matrix and/or contained within a reservoirsurrounded by a rate controlling membrane. Carriers for use within suchformulations are biocompatible, and may also be biodegradable;preferably the formulation provides a relatively constant level ofactive component release. The amount of active compound contained withina sustained release formulation depends upon the site of implantation,the rate and expected duration of release and the nature of thecondition to be treated or prevented.

[0096] Antigen Presenting Cells

[0097] Any of a variety of delivery vehicles may be employed withinpharmaceutical compositions and vaccines to facilitate production of anantigen-specific immune response that targets tumor cells. Deliveryvehicles include antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendriticcells, macrophages, B cells, monocytes and other cells that may beengineered to be efficient APCs. Such cells may, but need not, begenetically modified to increase the capacity for presenting theantigen, to improve activation and/or maintenance of the T cellresponse, to have anti-tumor or anti-infective effects per se and/or tobe immunologically compatible with the receiver (i.e., matched BLAhaplotype). APCs may generally be isolated from any of a variety ofbiological fluids and organs, including tumor and petitumoral tissues,and may be autologous, allogeneic, syngeneic or xenogeneic cells.

[0098] Certain-preferred embodiments of the present invention usedendritic cells or progenitors thereof as antigen-presenting cells.Dendritic cells ate highly potent APCs (Banchereau and Steinman, Nature392:245-251, 1998) and have been shown to be effective as aphysiological adjuvant for eliciting prophylactic or therapeuticantitumor immunity (see Timmerman and Levy, Ann. Rev. Med. 50:507-529,1999). In general, dendritic cells may be identified based on theirtypical shape (stellate in situ, with marked cytoplasmic processes(dendrites) visible in vitro) and based on the lack of differentiationmarkers of B cells (CD19 and CD20), T cells (CD3), monocytes (CD14) andnatural killer cells (CD56), as determined using standard assays.Dendritic cells may, of course, be engineered to express specific cellsurface receptors or ligands that are not commonly found on dendriticcells in vivo or ex vivo, and such modified dendritic cells arecontemplated by the present invention. As an alternative to dendriticcells, secreted vesicles antigen-loaded dendritic cells (calledexosomes) may be used within a vaccine (see Zitvogel et al., Nature Med.4:594-600, 1998).

[0099] Dendritic cells and progenitors may be obtained from peripheralblood, bone marrow, tumor-infiltrating cells, peritumoraltissues-infiltrating cells, lymph nodes, spleen, skin, umbilical cordblood or any other suitable tissue or fluid. For example, dendriticcells may be differentiated ex vivo by adding a combination of cytokinessuch as GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-13 and/or TNFα to cultures of monocytesharvested from peripheral blood. Alternatively, CD34 positive cellsharvested from peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood or bone marrow maybe differentiated into dendritic cells by adding to the culture mediumcombinations of GM-CSF, IL-3, TNFα, CD40 ligand, LPS, flt3 ligand and/orother compound(s) that induce maturation and proliferation of dendriticcells.

[0100] Dendritic cells are conveniently categorized as “immature” and“mature” cells, which allows a simple way to discriminate between twowell characterized phenotypes. However, this nomenclature should not beconstrued to exclude all possible intermediate stages ofdifferentiation. Immature dendritic cells are characterized as APC witha high capacity for antigen uptake and processing, which correlates withthe high expression of Fcγ receptor, mannose receptor and DEC-205marker. The mature phenotype is typically characterized by a lowerexpression of these markers, but a high expression of cell surfacemolecules responsible for T cell activation such as class I and class IINMC, adhesion molecules (e.g., CD54 and CD11) and costimulatorymolecules (e.g., CD40, CD80 and CD86).

[0101] APCs may generally be transfected with a polynucleotide encodinga granulin polypeptide (or portion or other variant thereof) such thatthe granulin polypeptide, or an immunogenic portion thereof, isexpressed on the cell surface. Such transfection may take place ex vivo,and a composition or vaccine comprising such transfected cells may thenbe used for therapeutic purposes, as described herein. Alternatively, agene delivery vehicle that targets a dendritic or other antigenpresenting cell may be administered to a patient, resulting intransfection that occurs in vivo. In vivo and ex vivo transfection ofdendritic cells, for example, may generally be performed using anymethods known in the art, such as those described in WO 97/24447, or thegene gun approach described by Mahvi et al., Immunology and Cell Biology75:456-460, 1997. Antigen loading of dendritic cells may be achieved byincubating dendritic cells or progenitor cells with the stresspolypeptide, DNA (naked or within a plasmid vector) or RNA; or withantigen-expressing recombinant bacterium or viruses (e.g., vaccinia,fowlpox, adenovirus or lentivirus vectors). Prior to loading, thepolypeptide may be covalently conjugated to an immunological partnerthat provides T cell help (e.g., a carrier molecule). Alternatively, adendritic cell may be pulsed with a non-conjugated immunologicalpartner, separately or in the presence of the polypeptide.

[0102] Therapeutic and Prophylactic Methods

[0103] Treatment includes prophylaxis and therapy. Prophylaxis ortherapy can be accomplished by a single direct injection at a singletime point or multiple time points to a single or multiple sites.Administration can also be nearly simultaneous to multiple sites.Patients or subjects include mammals, such as human, bovine, equine,canine, feline, porcine, and ovine animals. The subject is preferably ahuman.

[0104] A cancer may be diagnosed using criteria generally accepted inthe art, including the presence of a malignant tumor. Pharmaceuticalcompositions and vaccines may be administered either prior to orfollowing surgical removal of primary tumors and/or treatment such asadministration of radiotherapy or conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.

[0105] Within certain embodiments, immunotherapy may be activeimmunotherapy, in which treatment relies on the in vivo stimulation ofthe endogenous host immune system to react against tumors or infectedcells with the administration of immune response-modifying agents (suchas polypeptides and polynucleotides disclosed herein).

[0106] Within other embodiments, immunotherapy may be passiveimmunotherapy, in which treatment involves the delivery of agents withestablished tumor-immune reactivity (such as effector cells orantibodies) that can directly or indirectly mediate antitumor effectsand does not necessarily depend on an intact host immune system.Examples of effector cells include T cells as discussed above, Tlymphocytes (such as CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD4+ T-helpertumor-infiltrating lymphocytes), killer cells (such as Natural Killercells and lymphokine-activated killer cells), B cells andantigen-presenting cells (such as dendritic cells and macrophages)expressing a polypeptide provided herein. In a preferred embodiment,dendritic cells are modified in vitro to present the polypeptide, andthese modified APCs are administered to the subject. T cell receptorsand antibody receptors specific for the polypeptides recited herein maybe cloned, expressed and transferred into other vectors or effectorcells for adoptive immunotherapy. The polypeptides provided herein mayalso be used to generate antibodies or anti-idiotypic antibodies (asdescribed above and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,164) for passiveimmunotherapy.

[0107] Administration and Dosage

[0108] The compositions are administered in any suitable manner, oftenwith pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable methods ofadministering cells in the context of the present invention to a subjectare available, and, although more than one route can be used toadminister a particular cell composition, a particular route can oftenprovide a more immediate and more effective reaction than another route.

[0109] The dose administered to a patient, in the context of the presentinvention, should be sufficient to effect a beneficial therapeuticresponse in the patient over time, or to inhibit disease progression.Thus, the composition is administered to a subject in an amountsufficient to elicit an effective immune response to the specificantigens and/or to alleviate, reduce, cure or at least partially arrestsymptoms and/or complications from the disease. An amount adequate toaccomplish this is defined as a “therapeutically effective dose.”

[0110] Routes and frequency of administration of the therapeuticcompositions disclosed herein, as well as dosage, will vary fromindividual to individual, and may be readily established using standardtechniques. In general, the pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines maybe administered, by injection (e.g., intracutaneous, intratumoral,intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous), intranasally (e.g., byaspiration) or orally. Preferably, between 1 and 10 doses may beadministered over a 52 week period. Preferably, 6 doses areadministered, at intervals of 1 month, and booster vaccinations may begiven periodically thereafter. Alternate protocols may be appropriatefor individual patients. In one embodiment, 2 intradermal injections ofthe composition are administered 10 days apart.

[0111] A suitable dose is an amount of a compound that, whenadministered as described above, is capable of promoting an anti-tumorimmune response, and is at least 10-⁵⁰% above the basal (i.e.,untreated) level. Such response can be monitored, for example, bymeasuring the anti-tumor antibodies in a patient or by vaccine-dependentgeneration of cytolytic effector cells capable of killing the patient'stumor cells in vitro. Such vaccines should also be capable of causing animmune response that leads to an improved clinical outcome (e.g., morefrequent remissions, complete or partial or longer disease-freesurvival) in vaccinated patients as compared to nonvaccinated patients.In general, for pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines comprising oneor more polyp eptides, the amount of each polypeptide present in a doseranges from about 100 μg to 5 mg per kg of host. Suitable volumes willvary with the size of the patient, but will typically range from about0.1 mL to about 5 mL.

[0112] In general, an appropriate dosage and treatment regimen providesthe active compound(s) in an amount sufficient to provide therapeuticand/or prophylactic benefit. Such a response can be monitored byestablishing an improved clinical outcome (e.g., more frequentremissions, complete or partial, or longer disease-free survival) intreated patients as compared to non-treated patients. Increases inpreexisting immune responses to a tumor protein generally correlate withan improved clinical outcome. Such immune responses may generally beevaluated using standard proliferation, cytotoxicity or cytokine assays,which may be performed using samples obtained from a patient before andafter treatment.

[0113] Additional Methods

[0114] The invention provides a method for detecting cancer in a neuraltissue comprising contacting the tissue with a molecule that recognizesand binds a granulin molecule. The molecule can be, for example, anantibody directed against a granulin peptide, or an antisense nucleotidedirected against a granulin nucleic acid molecule. The tissue can befrom a mammal, such as human, bovine, equine, canine, feline, porcine,and ovine tissue. The tissue is preferably a human. The tissue cancomprise a tumor specimen, cerebrospinal fluid, or other suitablespecimen. In one embodiment, the method comprises use of an ELISA typeassay that employs a granulin antibody to detect the presence ofgranulin in a specimen. Those skilled in the art will appreciateadditional variations suitable for the method of detecting cancer inneural tissue through detection of a granulin molecule in a specimen.This method can also be used to monitor granulin levels in neural tissueof a patient undergoing treatment for a neural cancer. The suitabilityof a granulin-targeted therapeutic regimen for initial or continuedtreatment can be determined by monitoring granulin levels using thismethod.

[0115] The invention additionally provides a method for identifying amolecule that inhibits proliferation of neural cancer cells. The methodcomprises contacting a candidate molecule with a granulin molecule anddetermining whether the candidate molecule disrupts the biologicalactivity of the granulin molecule. Disruption of the biological activityof the granulin molecule is indicative of a molecule that inhibitsproliferation of neural cancer cells. Representative granulin moleculesinclude antibodies, proteins and nucleotides.

[0116] The invention provides a method for identifying differentiallyexpressed gene products that are translated from mRNA species, usingantibody-based screening of a cDNA expression library. This method,termed differential immuno-absorption (DIA), can be coupled to cDNAmicroarray hybridization and used in the identification of genes thatplay a role in the malignant progression of cancer. The method foridentifying proteins differentially expressed in a target tissuecomprises linking a target tissue homogenate to a first substrate, andpassing an antiserum raised against the target tissue homogenate overthe first substrate to elute antibodies that bind the target tissue. Themethod further comprises linking a control tissue homogenate to a secondsubstrate, and passing the eluted antibodies over the second substrateto obtain target antibodies that bind proteins present in the targettissue and not proteins present in the control tissue. The targetantibodies so obtained are then used to screen a nucleic acid expressionlibrary containing proteins expressed in the target tissue. Proteinsbound by the target antibodies are identified as differentiallyexpressed in the target tissue. The invention thereby provides novelproteins, antibodies and nucleotides identified by this method.

[0117] In addition, the invention provides a method of identifying aprotein that is differentially expressed in a neural cancer comprisingscreening a first library of cells associated with neural cancer and asecond library of non-tumor neural cells with a nucleic acid moleculeencoding a candidate protein. Increased hybridization of the nucleicacid molecule with the first library relative to the second library isindicative of a protein that is differentially expressed in neuralcancer. In one embodiment, the screening comprises a cDNA microarrayassay.

EXAMPLES

[0118] The following examples are presented to illustrate the presentinvention and to assist one of ordinary skill in making and using thesame. The examples are not intended in any way to otherwise limit thescope of the invention.

Example 1

[0119] Identification of Proteins by Differential Immuno-Absorption

[0120] This example describes a method for identifying differentiallyexpressed gene products that are actually translated from mRNA species,using antibody-based screening of a cDNA expression library. Thismethod, termed differential immuno-absorption (DIA), can be coupled tocDNA microarray hybridization and used in the identification of genesthat play a role in the malignant progression of cancer. Thedifferential expression of granulin in brain tumors was discovered bythis method.

[0121] Materials & Methods

[0122] Differential Immuno-Absorption. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)tumor tissue from a human patient was immediately snap frozen in liquidnitrogen at the time of surgery. Non-tumor brain was obtained from asurgical resection for trauma and similarly frozen. Both tissuespecimens were homogenized in phosphate-bufferedsaline (PBS, pH=7.0)with a glass mortar and pestle. The soluble material was aspirated, andthe insoluble material was re-extracted into a second fraction using0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Both fractions were used for affinitypurification and immunizations. Affinity chromatography was carried outusing an aliquot of extracted material immobilized on cyanogen bromide(CNBr)-activated Sepharose 4B columns (Pharmacia) according tomanufacturer's specifications. The immobilized GBM tumor tissue extractwas loaded into a fritted column (Varian), blocked with 1 M glycine,pre-cycled with 0.1 M HCl, and neutralized with 0.1 M borate-bufferedsaline (BBS, pH=8.4). The extract of non-tumor brain tissue was alsosimilarly immobilized.

[0123] Antisera were raised against the GBM tumor homogenate bysubcutaneous and intramuscular immunization of New Zealand White (NZW)rabbits using complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvants. Several bleedswere collected from two animals, pooled, and diluted 1:2 with 0.1 Mborate-buffered saline (pH=8.4). The diluted antiserum was passed overthe GBM affinity column, and unbound material was washed off with BBS.Bound material was eluted off using glycine buffers adjusted to pH=3,pH=2, and then pH=1. The effluent and eluate were monitored at 280 nm(LKB), and the antiserum was passed repeatedly through the column untildepleted. The eluate was then collected into BBS, checked for neutralpH, and cross-absorbed repeatedly (until depleted of cross-reactiveantibodies) against the column of non-tumor brain to select outantibodies that may bind normal brain antigens. The unbound material wasfurther cross-absorbed against normal human plasma to select outnon-specific antibodies. The final product was concentrated using YM30columns (Aricon) and dialyzed into carbonate buffer (pH=9.5). Theantibodies were biotinylated at a molar ratio of 15:1 using NHSlong-chain biotin (Sigma) and repurified using a column of G-25(Pharmacia). These biotinylated antibodies were then used to screen aglioblastoma phagemid cDNA expression library.

[0124] Construction and Screening of cDNA Expression Library. Forconstruction of the glioblastoma cDNA expression library, a humanglioblastoma multiforme tumor was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen at thetime of surgery and retained at −80° C. Total RNA was extracted from 500mg of fresh frozen tumor tissue using Trizol reagent per manufacturer'sprotocol (Gibco-BRL). Messenger RNA from 30 μg total RNA was isolatedusing double chromatography on oligo-dT cellulose columns (Gibco-BRL).Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from this mRNA using a SuperscriptII cDNA synthesis kit (Gibco-BRL), and the cDNAs were ligated into a λZipLox phagemid vector (Gibco-BRL). We obtained a library titerestimated at 5.0×10⁶ plaque-forming units (PFU). Approximately 2.0×10⁶PFUs were plated and grown in the presence ofisopropyl-1-thio-β-D-galactoside (IPTG), lifted onto nitrocellulosemembranes, and incubated with biotinylated anti-GBM antibodies (1:1000dilution). The membranes were then incubated with streptavidin-HRP anddiarinobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (Pierce). Positive clones wereisolated, re-screened, and subcloned into the pZL1 plasmid vector(Gibco-BRL) by in vivo excision. Inserts were verified by agarose gelelectrophoresis and partially sequenced using a dsDNA cycle sequencingkit (Gibco-BRL) per manufacturer's protocol.

[0125] Microarray of Cloned DIA Products. After cloning the subtractiveproducts into the pZL1 vector, plasmid inserts were PCR amplified usingvector-specific primers. PCR was performed in 50 μl reactions containing10 mM Tris (pH 9.0), 50 mM KCl, 0.1% gelatin, 2.5 U Taq DNA polymeraseand 150 μM dNTP. Thermal cycling conditions consisted of an initialdenaturation at 94° C. for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94° C. for 1min, 68° C. for 1 min and 72° C. for 1.5 min, with a final 72° C.extension for 10 min, in a PTC100 thermal cycler (MJ Research). Fivemicroliters of each PCR amplification product were examined by agarosegel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining. A single band wasdetected in 26 of the 28 PCR reactions performed. Each of the 26successfully amplified PCR products (1-2 μg) was recovered from theremaining 45 μg of each PCR reaction by ethanol precipitation.

[0126] The PCR products were arrayed onto glass slides, following aprotocol similar to that previously described (18). Briefly, the PCRproducts were resuspended in 15 μl 1× standard saline citrate (SSC). Acustom-built arraying robot picked up approximately 600 nl DNA solutionand deposited 1-4 nl DNA solution in duplicate onto a silanized glassslide surface (Sigma). After printing, the slide was hydrated for 10 sover a 37° C. water bath, snap dried for 2 s on a 100° C. heating block,then UV cross-linked with 4000 mJ short wave irradiation (StratageneStratalinker). The slide was then washed for 2 min sequentially in 0.2%SDS and distilled water. The bound DNA was denatured in distilled waterat 100° C., desiccated in an ice-cold bath of 95% ethanol, andair-dried.

[0127] Probe labeling, microarray hybridization, and washes wereperformed as described previously (19). mRNA from a large batch ofpooled tumor and non-tumor brain specimens was used to make cDNA labeledwith Cy5. The Cy5-labeled cDNA from this collective batch served as thecommon reference probe in all hybridizations. mRNA samples (2 μg) from10 individual tumor and non-tumor brain specimens (e.g., 8 gliomas and 2normal brain tissues) were used to make cDNA labeled with Cy-3.

[0128] After hybridization with the arrayed subtractive clones, Cy-3 andCy-5 intensities were scanned using a custom-built two-color laserscanning fluorimeter. The image files were analyzed with custom-writtensoftware that performed quantification similar to that previouslypublished (20, 21). Relative abundance of each of our 26 subtractiveclones (L1 - L26) in tumor versus normal brain was calculated using theequation: [(Cy3 signal−Cy3 background)tumor/(Cy5 signal−Cy5 background)]divided by [(Cy3 signal−Cy3 background)normal/(Cy5 signal−Cy5background)].

[0129] Northern Blot Analysis of Granulin mRNA Expression. Tissue totalRNA was extracted using Trizol reagent (Gibco-BRL) per manufacturer'sinstructions, and 10 μg/lane were separated on 1.2% denaturing agarosegels, transferred overnight to Hybond membranes (Amersham) using 10×SSC, and irreversibly fixed by UV cross-linking. Prehybridization andhybridization were performed at 65° C. in ExpressHyb solution(Clontech). 32P-labeled cDNA probes were generated from our plasmid DNAcontaining granulin cDNA using random primers per manufacturer'sprotocol (NEB). After hybridization, membranes were washed (2× SSC plus0.1% SDS at 37° C. for 20 min, followed by 0.2× SSC plus 0.1% SDS at 61°C. for 20 min), and exposed to X-ray film (Kodak) at 80° C. Blots werethen stripped with 0.1% SDS at 100° C. for 15 minutes and re-probed with32P-labeled ribosomal 18S cDNA in order to control for gel loading andRNA integrity.

[0130] In situ Hybridization of Granulin mRNA Expression. In situhybridization was performed using ³⁵S-labeled riboprobes followingpreviously published protocols (22). Briefly, surgically resected humanbrain tissues (tumor and non-tumor) were rapidly frozen in isopentanedirectly from the operating room. Frozen tissues were sectioned on acryostat at 20 μm thickness, post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed,and stored at −75° C. Sections were washed, acetylated, defatted, andincubated with ³⁵S-labeled sense or antisense granulin cRNA probe (107cpm/ml) at 60° C. overnight (18-24 h). Following RNAse A (20 μg/ml)treatment at 45° C., sections were washed in descending concentrationsof SSC, air dried, and dipped for emulsion autoradiography in Kodak NTB2(1:1 dilution). Following exposure to emulsion for 5 weeks, the slideswere developed and counterstained with hematoxylin and eosin.

[0131] Hybridization densities were measured from the in situ slides bycounting silver grains within representative cells using an imageanalysis computer (Olympus microscope and MCID Imaging software; ImagingResearch, Inc.) (23). Sections through several different tumor andnon-tumor human brain specimens that had been hybridized with granulincRNA were chosen for counts. Briefly, two independent observers outlinedlabeled regions within each slide, and the computer determined theoptical density and quantity of silver grains within each outlined area.Ten measurements were performed for each slide and averaged into singlevalues per mm² per specimen. These values were then divided by theestimated number of cells per mm² for each specimen to get the averageunits of silver grains per cell. The average quantity of silver grainsper cell for each tumor was compared to that of non-tumor brainspecimens using the Student's t-test.

[0132] Results

[0133] Isolation of Glioblastoma-Associated Gene Products by DIA. Usingdifferential immuno-absorption (DIA), positive reactions were found in28 plaques. Positive clones were isolated, subcloned into the pZL1plasmid vector by in vivo excision, and partially sequenced. BLASTanalysis of these sequences revealed 19 novel clones and 9 genescontained in the GenBank database. Of the 9 known clones that wereidentified by our DIA technique, 2 are known to regulate growth, 1 codesfor a chemotherapy resistance protein, and 2 regulate gene expression(Table 1). Of the 19 novel sequences that were identified, Northern blotanalyses were performed on 9 of these cDNAs and differential expressionwas confirmed in tumor tissues versus normal brain in all nine of theclones tested. TABLE 1 Brain tumor-associated gene products identifiedby differential immuno-absorption (DIA). From the 28 cDNAs that wereidentified by this method, 9 represented genes with sequence homology toknown genes in the GenBank database. Shown below are the clone numberand the known or putative function of each gene product Clone GenBankIDFunction L2, L6 Human GFAP Glial fibrillary acidic protein; expressed inastrocytes; used as marker for gliomas L5 Human granulin Peptideisolated from human granulocytes; autocnne growth factor forteratoma-derived PC cells; mitogen for 3T3 fibroblasts L9 GAPDHGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; glycolytic enzyme; increasedin lung cancer; putative role in apoptosis and neurodegenerativediseases L10 Carbonyl reductase Enzyme involved in chemotherapyresistance and free radical modulation L19 DNA-dependent ATPase Helicaseinvolved in transcription initiation and brain (putative) & X-linkeddifferentiation (putative) nuclear protein L20 Homologous with Unknowntyrosme kinases L24 Hsa2 mitochondrial Unknown cytochrome L25Osteopontin Ligand for integrin; involved in adhesion, migration, &osteoclastogenesis

[0134] cDNA Microarray Analysis of DIA products. To performhigh-capacity screening of DIA clones in multiple tumor and non-tumorbrain tissues, cDNA microarray analysis was used (18, 20, 21).Twenty-six of the 28 plasmid inserts isolated were successfully PCRamplified using vector-specific primers which amplify the insertedfragment from the pZL1 vector. Each PCR product was then arrayed ontoglass slides and hybridized with two-color fluorophore-labeled probes ina manner similar to that already published (19). The cDNA made from eachsample of tumor or normal brain mRNA was labeled with the fluorescentdye Cy3 (green) and mixed with a common reference probe labeled with asecond fluorescent dye, Cy5 (red). Using this high throughput arrayer,the relative abundance of each of the 26 DIA clones in 8 different braintumor samples compared to non-tumor brain tissue was determined (FIG.2). As seen in FIG. 2, for the majority of the 26 genes tested, thethree glioblastoma samples analyzed appeared to have higher levels ofdifferential expression than the other tumor types. Furthermore,analysis of the expression of these candidate tumor-specific genesrevealed that one of the isolated clones, L5, had consistently muchhigher levels of expression in gliomas compared to normal brain (three-to thirty-fold).

[0135] This differentially expressed clone, L5, was therefore chosen forfurther characterization. The 590 base pair cDNA of clone L5 wasmanually sequenced and found to be identical to the humangranulin/epithelin precursor. Granulins (also known as epithelins) arecysteine-rich polypeptides that have growth factor-like activity. Theyrepresent a relatively new class of growth regulators, first describedin 1990, with possible roles in inflammation and tumorigenesis (27, 28).The granulin gene exists as a single copy in the human genome onchromosome 17 (29). It is widely expressed in epithelial and tumorigeniccell lines in vitro, many of which respond to the gene product byenhanced cell proliferation, suggesting an autocrine or paracrine rolefor these factors (30-32). Several of the known structural andbiological properties of the granulins resemble those of the epidermalgrowth factor (EGF)-like proteins (33-35). It is unclear whether this isphysiologically significant, as the in vivo expression and function ofgranulin have not yet been well defined.

[0136] Granulin mRNA Expression in Human Gliomas. The differentialexpression of granulin in human gliomas was confirmed by Northern blotanalysis, which showed a transcript of 2.1 kb expressed in 86% (18/21)of human gliomas and 0% (0/3) of the non-tumor brain tissues analyzed(FIG. 3A). Interestingly, of the three gliomas that had absence of anygranulin signal, one was from a patient that had received previousradiation therapy and one was from a low-grade oligodendroglioma. Thesedata suggest that granulin expression may be mitigated by radiationand/or related to higher malignancy and tumor progression.

[0137] To better appreciate the potential role of this gene product, itwould be essential to know the extent to which it is expressed withinother human tissues. To determine this, radiolabeled granulin cDNA wasused to probe Northern blots of a variety of peripheral organs. Theprobe hybridized predominantly to a 2.1-kb transcript in human testes,spleen, and kidney after 2 weeks of exposure, but not to all other humantissues tested, including normal brain, lung, heart, skeletal muscle,pancreas, liver, and adrenal gland (FIG. 3B).

[0138] Differential expression of granulin mRNA was also seen in tumorversus non-tumor tissues using in situ hybridization. Granulin antisenseriboprobe hybridized predominantly to hypercellular areas of tumortissue (FIGS. 4A and 4B). The identity of these cells labeled by in situhybridization was supported by counterstaining the tissue sections withhemotoxylin and eosin, which revealed that the majority of the RNA waswithin tumor cells and not in the tissue stroma (FIGS. 4C and 4D). Sensestrand riboprobe cDNA was used as a control and showed no specificlabeling, indicating that the cellular hybridization obtained with theantisense probe was specific for the granulin mRNA. Quantitation ofgranulin hybridization densities was measured from the in situ slidesusing image analysis software. This analysis revealed significantlygreater numbers of silver grains within cells of the most malignantbrain tumors (e.g., anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastoma multiforme)compared to non-tumor glial cells (p=0.006), confirming that elevatedlevels of granulin mRNA ate expressed in high-grade primary brain tumors(Table 2). TABLE 2 Relative quantitation of in situ hybridization ofgranulin mRNA in normal brain and primary brain tumors. Number of silverAverage number of silver Tissue grains/mm² grains/cell Normal brain (n =2) 50 1.6 160 5.3 Piocytic Astrocytoma 3800 9.6 (n = 3) 3900 7.3 45007.7 Oligodendroglioma (n = 2) 9,500 20.2 17,000 21.2 Anaplasticastrocytoma 17,000 29.7 (n = 2) 22,000 15.2 Glioblastoma multiforme20,000 25.9 (n = 3) 27,000 32.3 30,000 53.6

[0139] Discussion

[0140] In summary, the detection and characterization of a putativegrowth factor differentially expressed in brain tumors versus non-tumorbrain tissue demonstrates the usefulness of the DIA technique foridentification of subtractive tissue-specific gene products that mayhave significant biological activity. The DIA method described here isan alternative to currently established methods for the purposes ofidentifying differences in gene expression. It has the advantage ofselecting for gene products that are actually translated from mRNAspecies, which can readily be cloned and synthesized for use infunctional assays as described herein. Furthermore, because thistechnique is based on the generation of subtractive antibodies used toscreen cDNA expression libraries, antibodies to clones of interest canbe generated for antibody-based studies. These results demonstrate thepotential of this technique to identify candidate glioma-associatedpeptides that readily allow study of expression patterns and biologicalfunction.

[0141] With current microarray technology, it is feasible to screenrelatively large numbers of tumor samples for the expression ofsubtractive products. This allows easy discrimination of redundantclones and rapid confirmation of truly differentially expressed genes.Although only 26 clones were isolated and cloned from this example ofthe DIA method, it is conceivable that thousands of differentiallyexpressed gene products could be identified among the approximately15,000 individual mRNA species in a pair of human cell populations(i.e., tumor versus normal). This is based on the assumption thatperhaps 15% of the estimated 100,000 genes in the human genome areexpressed in any individual cell type at a particular time (41). Even ifthousands of differential clones are generated from the subtractiveapproach of the invention, current robotic microarray technology allowsfor the fabrication of arrays containing up to 20,000 distinct cDNAtargets (18). The expression of these thousands of targets can bemonitored in multiple tissue samples, just as the relative expression of26 clones were measured in various brain tumor tissues. Thus,microarrays in concert with subtractive gene hunting methods could serveas useful tools for the identification of biologically intriguing andclinically relevant human gene sequences.

[0142] Using the combination of DIA and microarray hybridization, aputative oncogene, granulin D, with a likely function in glial cellproliferation, was identified. This granulin peptide belongs to a familyof putative growth factors that have previously been characterized by aunique structural motif and implicated in growth regulation (28, 30, 31,33-35). Structurally, granulins consist of 12 cysteines with fourcysteine pairs flanked by two single cysteines at both the amino and thecarboxyl termini (26, 42). The predicted protein architecture consistsof four stacked β-hairpins, each connected to the next with two paralleldisulfide bridges, and a peptide backbone arranged as two ladders in aleft-handed super-helix (34). Interestingly, this tertiary structure ispartially homologous to that of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Granulinproteins have been shown to have mitogenic activity in murine embryonic3T3 cells, in the tumorigenic teratoma-derived PC cell line, in humanepithelial and fibroblastic cells, and in murine keratinocytes (27, 30,33, 35). The data disclosed herein show growth regulatory effects ofthis peptide in primary rat astrocytes and in early-passage humanglioblastoma cell lines.

[0143] The surprising parallels between the granulin and EGF systems areof interest. Given that amplification of the epidermal growth factorreceptor (EGF-R) gene is one of the most common findings inglioblastomas and malignant astrocytomas (1, 43), it is intriguing thatone of the glioblastoma-associated clones identified via the DIAtechnique may be related to the EGF/EGF-R system. Nevertheless, thereare many molecules that have EGF-like domains, and other investigatorshave found that granulin does not bind to wild-type EGF-R (also callederbB-1) (44). Furthermore, Western blot analysis of EGF-R expression inthe human glioblastomas used in the bioassay disclosed herein revealedEGF-R overexpression in only one of the three tumors tested, with nodirect correlation between EGF-R overexpression and granulin-inducedgrowth regulation. Interestingly, however, all three of the tumorsstudied had overexpression of the closely related EGFR-liketransmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase erbB-2 (also called HER-2 orneu).

[0144] Also intriguing in this context is the fact that both granulinand erbB-2 are genes located on chromosome 17 (29, 45). Previous reportsin the literature have found that high-grade gliomas haveover-representation of chromosome 7 and gain of chromosome 17q at thecytogenetic level (46, 47), which presumably relates to amplification ofEGF-R and erbB-2 at the gene expression level (48-50). Althoughoverexpression of erbB-2 has been found in a subset of primary braintumors, its putative ligand in brain cancers is not yet known. It wouldbe interesting to determine whether tumors with amplification ofchromosome 17q have coordinate overexpression of erbB-2 and granulin,which may support the idea of granulin being a ligand for the erbB-2proto-oncogene autocrine/paracrine loop. Given the tissue-specificity ofgranulin for tumor versus normal brain, its EGF-like domains, itslocation on chromosome 17, and its implicated role in glial cell growthregulation, it is conceivable that this gene product may be a usefultarget for the development of new therapeutics for malignant braintumors.

Example 2

[0145] Regulation of Astrocyte and Glioblastoma Cell Proliferation byGranulin Peptide and Granulin Antibody

[0146] This example describes the effects of granulin peptide and agranulin antibody on the proliferation of astrocytes in primary cultureand of cultured human glioblastoma cells. The results show that granulinis mitogenic for astrocytes and glioblastoma cells, and that the growthof these cells can be inhibited by treatment with a polyclonal antibodydirected against granulin.

[0147] Materials & Methods

[0148] Cell cultures. Primary cultures of rat astrocytes from the brainsof adult Fischer 344 rats were isolated following a protocol previouslydescribed (24). Cultures were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle'smedium (DMEM, Gibco-BRL) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS),L-glutamine, and antibiotic drugs (100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/mlstreptomycin) at 37° C. in 5% CO2.

[0149] Primary human glioblastoma cells cultures were established usinga protocol similar to that previously published (25). Tumors were takendirectly from the operating room at the time of surgery. Tissues werefinely minced using sterile scissors, rinsed with PBS, and dispersedwith trypsin-EDTA. Monolayer cells were plated in T75 flasks (Costar)and cultured in DMEM/Ham's F12 (Irvine Scientific) supplemented with 10%FBS (Gibco-BRL), L-glutamine, and antibiotics (100 U/ml penicillin and100 μg/ml streptomycin).

[0150] Measurement of Cell Proliferation. The effect of granulin Dpeptide and granulin antibody on the proliferation of primary tatastrocytes and three early-passage human glioblastoma cell lines wereexamined. Synthetic peptide, consisting of the 55-amino acid sequence ofgranulin D (26), was provided by Research Genetics. For the antibodystudies, a polyclonal antibody was raised against this 55-amino acidsynthetic peptide conjugated to KLH. The IgG fraction was isolated fromsera using protein-A sepharose (Zymed), concentrated using a Centri-cellconcentrator (Amicon), and stored in borate buffer consisting of 25 mMsodium borate, 100 mM boric acid, 75 mM NaCl, and 5 mM EDTA.

[0151] The biological effects of increasing concentrations of granulin Dpeptide and antibody on in vivo cell growth rates were assayed using3H-thymidine incorporation. Cells were grown to about 60% confluence inT75 flasks (Costar) and then plated in 12-well plates (Corning) at adensity of 104 cells per well in 1 ml of DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS.One day after plating, the medium was removed and replaced with mediumcontaining increasing concentrations of either synthetic granulin Dpeptide (0 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml) or granulin D antibody (1:1000 to 1:100)in triplicate. Three days later, the medium was again replaced by freshmedium and supplemented with increasing amounts of peptide or antibody.After three days, 0.5 μCi/well of 3H-thymidine was added for overnightincubation at 37° C. Wells were then washed twice with 1 ml of ice-coldphosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and collected by treatment withtrypsin-EDTA. Cell suspensions were transferred to scintillation vialsand radioactivity counted with a scintillation counter. Six separateexperiments were performed on each cell line, using triplicate wells perexperiment (n=18). The Student's t-test was used to interpret thesignificance of differences between groups.

[0152] Results

[0153] In vitro Growth Regulation of Glial Cells by Granulin D. Fourgranulins, A, B, C, and D, have previously been isolated from humaninflammatory cell exudates (28, 33, 36, 37). Each is a small protein ofapproximately 6 kDa that is derived from a larger precursor of 593 aminoacids, known as acrogranin (38-40). The acrogranin cDNA (clone L5)isolated from human glioblastomas contained the entire sequence forgranulin D (base pairs 1254 to 2099). (26).

[0154] The implication of granulin molecules in growth regulation with atertiary structure reminiscent of that of EGF suggested a potentiallyimportant role for the L5/granulin D clone as a putative growth factor.In order to determine if granulin D may modulate glial cellproliferation, a 55-amino acid peptide corresponding to the knownsequence of granulin D was synthesized (26). The effect of thissynthetic peptide on proliferation rates of rat astrocytes in culturewas then studied using a standard ³H-thymidine incorporation assay. Asshown in FIG. 5, addition of synthetic granulin D peptide stimulated DNAsynthesis of rat astrocytes in vitro up to 300% in a dose-dependentmanner (FIGS. 5A and 5B). Statistically significant increases in cellproliferation (up to 150% of controls) were seen with the addition of aslittle as 1 ng/ml (169 pM) of granulin D to cell culture (p=0.025).Interestingly, this synthetic peptide had a much more modest effect onthe proliferation of primary human glioblastoma cells in culture,showing only a 120-150% increase (p=0.068) in growth with the additionof over 1000 ng/ml (169 nM) of granulin D (FIG. 5C). This may beexplained by the fact that these human cells were tumotous and alreadyexpressed high levels of granulin (as shown by Northern blot and in situhybridization). Thus, the putative receptors of this potential autocrinegrowth factor may be saturated by endogenous granulin and therebypreclude further growth stimulation by the addition of exogenouspeptide.

[0155] To further evaluate the growth regulatory role of granulin D onhuman tumor cells in vitro, a polyclonal antibody was raised against the55-amino acid granulin D peptide and assayed for its ability to inhibitcell proliferation in three primary human glioblastoma cultures. Asshown in FIG. 5D, the addition of increasing concentrations of purifiedgranulin D antibody to early-passage human brain tumor cell culturessignificantly inhibited cell growth in vitro. ³H-thymidine incorporationwas suppressed down to only 18.6% of controls with the highestconcentration of antibody tested (1:100 dilution, p=0.035).

[0156] Example 3

[0157] In Vivo Reduction of Tumor Volume with Granulin Antibody Therapy

[0158] In this example, an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody wasraised against the 55-aa granulin D peptide conjugated to keyhole limpethemocyanin (KLH). Nude (nu/nu) mice were challenged with 10⁶ U87 humanglioblastoma tumor cells and treated i.p. with 500 μg of anti-granulinantibody (in a volume of 500 μl dPBS) or dPBS alone, starting one dayafter tumor challenge and every other day thereafter for 21 days.Injection of dPBS alone failed to protect mice against s.q. tumorgrowth. Treatment with anti-granulin antibody, however, protected 100%of the mice from tumor growth for up to 40 days, as shown in FIG. 6.These results demonstrate that molecules that interfere with thebiological activity of granulin can be an effective therapeutic in thetreatment of neural tumors.

Example 4

[0159] Prolonged Survival of Tumor-bearing Mice with Granulin AntibodyTherapy

[0160] In this example, nude (nu/nu) mice were challenged with 5×104 U87cells intracranially, and treated 24 hours later with a single bolus of10 μl of an anti-human rabbit affinity-purified antibody (10 μg) thatspecifically recognizes the 55 amino acid sequence corresponding togranulin D, an irrelevant affinity-purified antibody (10 μg), or dPBSinjected stereotactically directly into the intracranial tumor.Intratumoral injection of anti-granulin antibody significantly increasedmedian survival by greater than two-fold relative to treatment with dPBSor control antibody. Twenty percent of mice treated with anti-granulinantibody survived longer than 60 days, while all control mice were deadby 21 days (FIG. 7). These results further demonstrate that moleculesthat interfere with the biological activity of granulin provide aneffective therapeutic in the treatment of neural cancer.

[0161] From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specificembodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes ofillustration, various modifications may be made without deviating fromthe spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is notlimited except as by the appended claims.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A method for inhibiting proliferation of neuralcells comprising contacting a neural cell with a molecule that disruptsthe biological activity of a granulin molecule.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein the neural cell comprises a tumor cell.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the neural cell comprises a glial cell.
 4. The methodof claim 1, wherein the neural cell comprises a central nervous system(CNS) cell.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the molecule is anantibody directed against a granulin peptide.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein the molecule is an antisense nucleotide directed against agranulin nucleic acid molecule.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein themolecule is a polynucleotide encoding a granulin peptide.
 8. The methodof claim 1, wherein the cell is a glioblastoma, astrocytoma oroligodendroglioma cell.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is anependymoma, choroid plexus papilloma or medulloblastoma.
 10. The methodof claim 1, wherein the cell is a Schwannoma, neurofibroma, orneurilemmoma.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a neuronal,meningial, pineal or pituitary tumor cell.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein the cell is a human cell.
 13. A method for treating cancer ofthe nervous system in a subject comprising administering to the subjecta molecule that disrupts the biological activity of a granulin molecule.14. The method of claim 13, wherein the molecule is an antibody directedagainst a granulin peptide.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein themolecule is an antisense nucleotide directed against a granulin nucleicacid molecule.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the molecule is apolynucleotide encoding a granulin peptide.
 17. The method of claim 13,wherein the cancer comprises glioblastoma, astrocytoma oroligodendroglioma.
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the cancercomprises ependymoma, choroid plexus papilloma or medulloblastoma. 19.The method of claim 13, wherein the cancer comprises Schwannoma,neurofibroma, or neurilemmoma.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein thecancer is associated with a neuronal, meningial, pineal or pituitarytumor.
 21. A method for detecting cancer in a neural tissue comprisingcontacting the tissue with a molecule that recognizes and binds agranulin molecule.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the molecule isan antibody directed against a granulin peptide.
 23. The method of claim21, wherein the molecule is an antisense nucleotide directed against agranulin nucleic acid molecule.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein thetissue is human.
 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the tissuecomprises a tumor specimen.
 26. The method of claim 21, wherein thetissue comprises cerebrospinal fluid.
 27. The method of claim 21,wherein the neural cancer is a glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oroligodendroglioma.
 28. A method for identifying a molecule that inhibitsproliferation of neural cancer cells comprising: (a) contacting acandidate molecule with a granulin molecule; and (b) determining whetherthe candidate molecule disrupts the biological activity of the granulinmolecule, wherein disruption of the biological activity of the granulinmolecule is indicative of a molecule that inhibits proliferation ofneural cancer cells.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the biologicalactivity of the granulin molecule comprises the specific recognition andbinding of an antibody to a granulin peptide.
 30. The method of claim28, wherein the biological activity of the granulin molecule comprisesthe specific recognition and binding of an antisense oligonucleotide toa granulin nucleic acid molecule.
 31. A method for identifying proteinsdifferentially expressed in a target tissue comprising: (a) linking atarget tissue homogenate to a first substrate; (b) passing an antiserumraised against the target tissue homogenate over the first substrate toelute antibodies that bind the target tissue; (c) linking a controltissue homogenate to a second substrate; (d) passing the elutedantibodies over the second substrate to obtain target antibodies thatbind proteins present in the target tissue and not proteins present inthe control tissue; and (e) screening a nucleic acid expression librarycontaining-proteins expressed in the target tissue with the targetantibodies obtained in step (d), wherein a protein bound by the targetantibodies is identified as differentially expressed in the targettissue.
 32. The method of claim 31, further comprising screening a firstlibrary of cell types associated with the target tissue and a secondlibrary of cell types associated with a non-target tissue with a nucleicacid molecule encoding the protein identified in step (e) asdifferentially expressed in the target tissue and determining whetherthe nucleic acid molecule hybridizes to a greater extent with the firstlibrary as compared to the second library, thereby identifying a proteinthat is expressed in greater abundance in the target tissue relative tothe non-target tissue.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the screeningcomprises a cDNA microarray assay.
 34. A method of identifying a proteinthat is differentially expressed in a neural cancer comprising screeninga first library of cells associated with neural cancer and a secondlibrary of non-tumor neural cells with a nucleic acid molecule encodinga candidate protein, wherein increased hybridization of the nucleic acidmolecule with the first library relative to the second library isindicative of a protein that is differentially expressed in neuralcancer.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the screening comprises acDNA microarray assay.